Human Body Exam

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	Tissue that is specialized to cover the inner and outer surfaces of the internal organs is called
a.	epithelial tissue.	c.	muscle tissue.	
b.	connective tissue.	d.	nervous tissue.	

____	2.	Organs that work together form
a.	connective tissues.	c.	organ systems.	
b.	tissue systems.	d.	All of the above	

____	3.	Which of the following is a function of both the excretory system and the digestive system?
a.	regulating metabolism	
b.	eliminating wastes	
c.	regulating other organ systems	
d.	maintaining homeostasis	

____	4.	The lungs are located in the
a.	cranial cavity.	c.	thoracic cavity.	
b.	abdominal cavity.	d.	spinal cavity.	

____	5.	The type of bone that provides the greatest strength for support is
a.	spongy bone.	c.	compact bone.	
b.	chitinous bone.	d.	marrow bone.	

____	6.	The periosteum is a section of the bone that contains
a.	blood vessels.	c.	spongy bone.	
b.	osteocytes.	d.	red bone marrow.	

____	7.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following is the compact bone?
a.	1	c.	3	
b.	2	d.	4	

____	8.	Refer to the illustration above. The material labeled “1,” which fills the center and spaces at the ends of bones and produces blood cells, is called
a.	exocrine material.	c.	marrow.	
b.	cartilage.	d.	spongy bone.	

____	9.	The heart and lungs are protected by the
a.	pectoral girdle.	c.	rib cage.	
b.	pelvic girdle.	d.	periosteum.	

____	10.	What is the difference between cartilage and bone?
a.	Cartilage contains cells that can continue to divide and grow, while bone does not.	
b.	Cartilage is found only in the fetus, and bone is found only in children and adults.	
c.	Bone contains significant mineral deposits between its cells, while cartilage does not.	
d.	Bone contains dead cells, while cartilage contains living cells.	

____	11.	Refer to the illustration above. Which joint allows bones to glide over each other?
a.	1	c.	3	
b.	2	d.	4	

____	12.	Smooth muscle can be found
a.	attached to the skeleton.	c.	at the knee joint.	
b.	in the wrist bones.	d.	in internal organs.	

____	13.	The region between Z lines is called the
a.	myofibril.	c.	muscle fiber.	
b.	sarcomere.	d.	myosin filament.	

____	14.	Repeating units of myosin and actin filaments bound by two Z lines are
a.	muscles.	c.	sarcomeres.	
b.	myofibrils.	d.	extensors.	

____	15.	Muscles that bend joints are categorized as
a.	flexors.	c.	extensors.	
b.	origins.	d.	insertions.	

____	16.	The origin of a muscle
a.	is at the opposite end of the muscle from the insertion.	
b.	is located on a bone that remains stationary when the muscle contracts.	
c.	does not move when the muscle contracts.	
d.	All of the above	

____	17.	flexors : bend ::
a.	immovable joints : bend	c.	extensors : straighten	
b.	slightly movable joints : be immovable	d.	sutures : move a great deal	

____	18.	The functions of the skin include
a.	defense against microbes.	c.	prevention of dehydration.	
b.	regulation of body temperature.	d.	All of the above	

____	19.	The thin outer layer of the skin is
a.	the dermis.	c.	the fatty layer.	
b.	the epidermis.	d.	connective skin.	

____	20.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following structures is used to eliminate wastes and help regulate body temperature?
a.	9	c.	6	
b.	7	d.	4	

____	21.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the structures in the diagram are composed mainly of dead cells?
a.	1 and 6	c.	3 and 4	
b.	2 and 8	d.	None of the above	

____	22.	nail root : nails ::
a.	lunula : hair	c.	melanin : hair	
b.	keratin : melanocytes	d.	hair follicle : hair	

____	23.	The ventricles are
a.	the upper chambers of the heart.	
b.	the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.	
c.	the chambers of the heart that receive blood from the lungs and the rest of the body.	
d.	lower chambers of the heart that contract separately.	

____	24.	Refer to the illustration above. Structure 4 is
a.	the right atrium.	c.	the right ventricle.	
b.	the left atrium.	d.	the left ventricle.	

____	25.	Refer to the illustration above. Blood in chamber 1
a.	is full of oxygen.	c.	has a low concentration of oxygen.	
b.	is going toward the lungs.	d.	has very little plasma.	

____	26.	The heart chamber that receives blood from the venae cavae is the
a.	left atrium.	c.	left ventricle.	
b.	right atrium.	d.	right ventricle.	

____	27.	Oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the
a.	left ventricle.	c.	left atrium.	
b.	right atrium.	d.	right ventricle.	

____	28.	Which type of blood vessel is both strong and elastic?
a.	capillary	c.	vein	
b.	artery	d.	venule	

____	29.	The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are the
a.	venules.	c.	arteries.	
b.	veins.	d.	capillaries.	

____	30.	An artery
a.	usually carries oxygen-rich blood.	
b.	has thin, slightly elastic walls.	
c.	has valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.	
d.	All of the above	

____	31.	The pressure exerted on the inner walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats is the ____ pressure.
a.	systolic.	c.	barometric.	
b.	diastolic.	d.	residual.	

____	32.	Which of the following is not involved in the formation of blood clots?
a.	platelet congregation at the site of rupture of a blood vessel	
b.	release of clotting factors from platelets	
c.	production of fibrin, a protein	
d.	formation of fibrin–red blood cell complexes that circulate in the blood and are too large to move through ruptured blood-vessel walls	

____	33.	A person with antigen A on their red blood cells can give blood to someone with blood type(s)
a.	A and AB.	c.	only AB.	
b.	B and AB.	d.	only O.	

____	34.	

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “X” is the
a.	epiglottis.	c.	trachea.	
b.	pharynx.	d.	larynx.	

____	35.	Each alveolus
a.	contains many air sacs.	c.	is surrounded by capillaries.	
b.	attaches directly to the larynx.	d.	is a large air sac.	

____	36.	Gas exchange occurs when
a.	oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood in the capillaries.	
b.	oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the red blood cells.	
c.	the red blood cells give up oxygen to the cells of the body tissues.	
d.	All of the above	

____	37.	Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure?
a.	inspiration	c.	expiration	
b.	contraction	d.	None of the above	

____	38.	Which of the following is the final step in using Koch’s postulates to demonstrate that a particular agent causes a disease?
a.	A healthy animal inoculated with the disease agent contracts the disease.	
b.	The disease agent is found in animals that have the disease but not in animals that are free of the disease.	
c.	An animal infected by injecting the suspected disease agent from an animal with the disease is found to also have the disease agent in its tissues, because a pathogen cultured from the second animal is found to be the same as the pathogen cultured from the first.	
d.	The disease agent is collected from a sick animal and cultured in the laboratory.	

____	39.	Mucous membranes
a.	cover all the body’s surfaces.	
b.	line internal body surfaces that are in contact with the environment.	
c.	produce antibodies to combat infection.	
d.	secrete sweat, which has antibacterial enzymes.	

____	40.	All of the following have mucous membranes except
a.	the digestive tract.	c.	the nasal passages.	
b.	the surface of the skin.	d.	the vagina.	

____	41.	Mucus is produced by the cells lining the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
a.	only when a person has a severe respiratory infection.	
b.	to allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood more efficiently.	
c.	as a lubricant for the expulsion of food that might “go down the wrong tube.”	
d.	to protect against microbes that might be inhaled.	

____	42.	The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by
a.	secretion of antibodies.	
b.	expansion of local blood vessels.	
c.	complement activity.	
d.	natural killer cells destroying bacteria.	

____	43.	Which of the following engulfs foreign cells?
a.	a helper T cell	c.	a macrophage	
b.	a B cell	d.	an antibody	

____	44.	neutrophils : ingesting pathogens ::
a.	macrophages : releasing chemicals	
b.	natural killer cells : releasing chemicals	
c.	natural killer cells : puncturing membranes of infected cells	
d.	macrophages : puncturing membranes of infected cells	

____	45.	Refer to the illustration above. During which time period are the first antibodies to the pathogen produced?
a.	A	c.	C	
b.	B	d.	None of the above	

____	46.	Refer to the illustration above. Which time period would be characterized by the most rapid division of B cells?
a.	A	c.	C	
b.	B	d.	None of the above	

____	47.	Antibodies
a.	prevent diseases caused by vaccines.	
b.	are produced by bacteria that infect animals.	
c.	help destroy microbes that invade the body.	
d.	cause viruses to infect bacterial cells.	

____	48.	Once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may
a.	stimulate cytotoxic T cells to attack viruses directly.	
b.	stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells.	
c.	repair macrophages.	
d.	cause fever.	

____	49.	When B cells encounter a pathogen, they
a.	secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates cytotoxic T cells.	
b.	divide and produce large amounts of antibody.	
c.	initiate an inflammatory response.	
d.	attack the cell by making a hole in its membrane.	

____	50.	A few B cells that have encountered a pathogen
a.	become killer T cells.	
b.	are ingested by macrophages.	
c.	have viral protein on their cell membrane surface.	
d.	become memory cells.	

____	51.	
Refer to the illustration above. The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I is that
a.	more bacteria entered at point 2 than at point 1.	
b.	memory cells were produced during Response I.	
c.	antibodies from Response I still remained in the blood.	
d.	macrophages increased their production of antibodies.	

____	52.	macrophages : helper T cells ::
a.	cytotoxic T cells : macrophages	
b.	helper T cells : cytotoxic T cells and B cells	
c.	B cells : cytotoxic T cells and macrophages	
d.	mucous membrane cells : helper T cells and B cells	

____	53.	Vaccines are effective in preventing disease because they
a.	interfere with the release of suppressor T cells.	
b.	are antibodies directed against specific pathogens.	
c.	contain specific B cells and T cells.	
d.	trigger antibody formation.	

____	54.	John and James are identical twins. During the summer following their fifteenth birthday, they went on a vacation and stayed in a cabin with two of their cousins. One of the cousins came down with chicken pox during the vacation. Chicken pox is caused by a virus. Two weeks later, John came down with chicken pox. James, however, never developed any symptoms of the disease. Which of the following is the best explanation for the different responses John and James had to exposure to the same disease?
a.	John and James are not really identical twins. James inherited an immunity to chicken pox but John did not.	
b.	Even though John and James are identical twins, they produce different kinds of immune system cells. James had cytotoxic T cells that could recognize and destroy the chicken pox viruses, while John did not.	
c.	James had been exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age and developed the disease. His body produced memory cells that protected him from further infections of the disease. John did not get exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age.	
d.	James had a cold at the time he was exposed to the chicken pox virus. The cold virus had stimulated his body to produce lots of B cells, which were then also able to recognize and bind to the chicken pox viruses. John did not have a cold at the time he was exposed to the chicken pox.	

____	55.	Which of the following describes the actions of HIV?
a.	HIV attacks and cripples the immune system.	
b.	HIV invades macrophages and helper T cells.	
c.	HIV kills large numbers of helper T cells.	
d.	All of the above	

____	56.	HIV causes AIDS by attacking and destroying
a.	helper T cells.	c.	neutrophils.	
b.	B cells.	d.	antibodies.	

____	57.	Which of the following explains why HIV evolves rapidly?
a.	The genes that code for its surface proteins mutate rapidly.	
b.	Each new chemical used in treatment induces mutations in the virus.	
c.	Its DNA mutates rapidly when the virus enters human body cells.	
d.	All of the above	

____	58.	Nutrients provide the body with the energy and materials it needs for
a.	growth.	c.	repair.	
b.	maintenance.	d.	All of the above	

____	59.	All essential amino acids
a.	must be obtained from the foods we eat.	
b.	are made in our body in sufficient quantities.	
c.	are found in gelatin.	
d.	None of the above	

____	60.	Refer to the illustration above. The structure shown is most likely a portion of a
a.	fat molecule.	c.	protein molecule.	
b.	carbohydrate molecule.	d.	amino acid molecule.	

____	61.	Brain cells and red blood cells receive most of their energy directly from
a.	proteins.	c.	glucose.	
b.	cellulose.	d.	deoxyribose.	

____	62.	The first portion of the small intestine is the
a.	colon.	c.	duodenum.	
b.	esophagus.	d.	rectum.	

____	63.	The pharynx is
a.	located in the colon.	c.	also called the voice box.	
b.	located in the back of the throat.	d.	None of the above	

____	64.	Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air?
a.	the esophagus	c.	the pharynx	
b.	the trachea	d.	the duodenum	

____	65.	Refer to the illustration above. What is the name of structure 5?
a.	liver	c.	duodenum	
b.	stomach	d.	ileum	

____	66.	Refer to the illustration above. Most of the products of digestion are absorbed into the circulatory system from which structure?
a.	1	c.	3	
b.	2	d.	4	

____	67.	Chemical digestion occurs as a result of the action of
a.	hydrochloric acid.	c.	saliva.	
b.	pepsin.	d.	All of the above	

____	68.	Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of
a.	fat.	c.	carbohydrates.	
b.	protein.	d.	vitamins.	

____	69.	Bile
a.	breaks down globules of fat into tiny droplets.	
b.	is stored in the liver.	
c.	is produced by the gall bladder.	
d.	All of the above	

____	70.	pancreas : enzymes for small intestine ::
a.	stomach : saliva	c.	liver : bile	
b.	stomach : proteins from amino acids	d.	liver : hydrochloric acid	

____	71.	Refer to the illustration above. Structure 1 is a(n)
a.	villus.	c.	ureter.	
b.	nephron.	d.	urethra.	

____	72.	Refer to the illustration above. This structure allows for an increase in
a.	nutrient absorption area.	c.	acid production.	
b.	mechanical digestion.	d.	bile production.	

____	73.	Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is
a.	a passageway for bile to flow into the stomach.	
b.	a capillary.	
c.	found only in the duodenum.	
d.	a nephron.	

____	74.	The villi of the small intestine allow for an increase in the rate of
a.	nutrient absorption.	c.	acid production.	
b.	cellulose digestion.	d.	bile production.	

____	75.	Urea is formed in the
a.	cells.	c.	kidneys.	
b.	lungs.	d.	liver.	

____	76.	Refer to the illustration above. At the location labeled “X,”
a.	filtration is taking place.	
b.	water and solutes are moving back into the blood.	
c.	red blood cells are moving out of the blood.	
d.	red blood cells are forced back into the blood.	

____	77.	Refer to the illustration above. The structure shown in the diagram is the basic unit of the
a.	esophagus.	c.	kidney.	
b.	pancreas.	d.	liver.	

____	78.	Which of the following filtrates is not reabsorbed in significant quantities back into the bloodstream by the nephrons?
a.	glucose	c.	urea	
b.	ions	d.	water	

____	79.	Urine leaves the body through the
a.	ureter.	c.	bladder.	
b.	urethra.	d.	intestine.	

____	80.	ureter : urinary bladder ::
a.	urinary bladder : ureter	
b.	urethra : urinary bladder	
c.	urinary bladder : urethra	
d.	Loop of Henle : vena cava	

____	81.	The central nervous system consists of
a.	the brain and spinal cord.	c.	the brain stem and cerebellum.	
b.	the spinal nerves only.	d.	the cerebrum and spinal cord.	

____	82.	

Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 in the diagram is the
a.	reticular formation.	c.	cerebellum.	
b.	brain stem.	d.	cerebrum.	

____	83.	Which part of the spinal cord contains dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and the cell bodies of neurons?
a.	gray matter	c.	ventral root	
b.	dorsal root	d.	white matter	

____	84.	Extensions at one end of a neuron’s body that receive input are called
a.	axons.	c.	synapses.	
b.	cell bodies.	d.	dendrites.	

____	85.	Refer to the illustration above. When a neuron is at rest,
a.	sodium ions are found mostly on the outside of the cell.	
b.	potassium ions are found mostly on the inside of the cell.	
c.	the inside of the cell is negatively charged.	
d.	All of the above	

____	86.	Refer to the illustration above. The diagrams show a nerve impulse
a.	moving from the inside to the outside of an axon.	
b.	moving from the outside to the inside of an axon.	
c.	moving an action potential along a neuron.	
d.	moving slowly.	

____	87.	Refer to the illustration above. An action potential may be best described as
a.	an electrical impulse.	
b.	an electromagnetic message.	
c.	a chemical message.	
d.	a chemical change occurring in the brain.	

____	88.	Electrical changes in a neuron create
a.	a stimulus.	c.	an action potential.	
b.	an electrical shock.	d.	light and sound.	

____	89.	When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters
a.	become enzymes in the space between the neurons.	
b.	are released into the synaptic cleft.	
c.	cover the membrane of the axon.	
d.	cause the cell body of the next neuron to enlarge.	

____	90.	When we hear a sound,
a.	sound waves enter the ear canal and strike the eardrum.	
b.	the fluid in the cochlea moves.	
c.	the auditory nerve carries nerve impulses to the brain.	
d.	All of the above	

____	91.	Tars
a.	cause an increase in heart rate.	c.	are neurotransmitters.	
b.	paralyze cilia.	d.	All of the above	

____	92.	Drinking alcohol, smoking, or using other drugs during pregnancy can cause
a.	birth defects.	c.	mental retardation.	
b.	low birth weight.	d.	All of the above	

____	93.	Which of the following is not an effect of a depressant drug?
a.	impaired coordination	c.	increased heart rate	
b.	slowed reaction time	d.	decreased respiration rate	

____	94.	Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
a.	An effective dose is a dose that causes a desired effect.	
b.	A lethal dose is a dose that results in death.	
c.	Withdrawal is a response to the lack of a drug.	
d.	Tolerance means that decreasing amounts of a drug are needed to be effective.	

____	95.	When a drug blocks removal of neurotransmitters for a prolonged period,
a.	receptors across the synapse are flooded with excess neurotransmitters.	
b.	the receiving nerve lowers the number of its receptors in the synapse.	
c.	the only way to maintain normal functioning of the nerve pathway is to continue taking the drug.	
d.	All of the above	

____	96.	When an addict stops taking cocaine, the addict’s body will not function normally until
a.	the number of receptors in the affected synapses has had time to readjust.	
b.	the amount of cocaine has been reduced to a safe level.	
c.	narcotics are prescribed by a physician.	
d.	All of the above	

____	97.	Cocaine
a.	mimics neurotransmitters.	
b.	inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters.	
c.	degrades neurotransmitters.	
d.	All of the above	

____	98.	Cocaine
a.	affects the central nervous system by changing the activity of synapses.	
b.	inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters.	
c.	overstimulates nerve pathways.	
d.	All of the above	

____	99.	Hormones are essential to maintaining homeostasis mainly because
a.	they catalyze specific chemical reactions in brain cells.	
b.	the body requires them for digesting food.	
c.	they cause specific responses in specific targets.	
d.	they act faster than nerve impulses.	

____	100.	Which of the following would not be influenced by cyclic AMP?
a.	activation of enzymes within a target cell	
b.	inhibition of the chemical activities within a target cell	
c.	action of steroid hormones	
d.	amplification of the effect of a peptide hormone	

____	101.	When an amino acid–based hormone attaches to a target cell,
a.	it binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm.	
b.	it passes through the cell membrane.	
c.	a series of chemical reactions forms a “second messenger.”	
d.	the hormone is converted into a steroid.	

____	102.	All of the following are nonendocrine chemical signal molecules except
a.	steroids.	c.	neurotransmitters.	
b.	neuropeptides.	d.	prostaglandins.	

____	103.	Refer to the illustration above. Which of the hormones shown would activate the receptor protein on the right?
a.	1	c.	3	
b.	2	d.	4	

____	104.	Refer to the illustration above. If a hormone attached to the receptor protein shown in the diagram, the receptor protein would
a.	detach and move into the cytoplasm.	
b.	trigger events within the cell.	
c.	change the shape of the hormone.	
d.	become a phospholipid molecule.	

____	105.	Refer to the illustration above. If one of the steroid hormones were able to activate a cell containing the receptor protein,
a.	the hormone would first have to be chemically converted into a different shape.	
b.	a receptor molecule for the steroid would have to be somewhere on the cell membrane.	
c.	a receptor molecule for the steroid would have to be found in the cell’s cytoplasm.	
d.	None of the above	

____	106.	The polarity of amino acid–based hormones prevents them from entering cells. Therefore, these hormones
a.	send messages from outside the cell.	
b.	are carried into the cell by channel proteins.	
c.	combine with steroid hormones in order to activate cells.	
d.	cannot dissolve in polar molecules.	

____	107.	Modified lipids that tend to accumulate in areas of tissue disturbance or injury are
a.	endorphins.	c.	neuromodulators.	
b.	enkephalins.	d.	prostaglandins.	

____	108.	Which of the following are mismatched?
a.	oxytocin—hypothalamus	
b.	insulin—pancreas	
c.	glucagon—pancreas	
d.	thyroxine—pituitary gland	

____	109.	Refer to the illustration above. The gland that produces insulin is gland
a.	1.	c.	3.	
b.	2.	d.	4.	

____	110.	Refer to the illustration above. The gland that is stimulated during emergency situations (causing the “fight-or-flight” response) is gland
a.	1.	c.	3.	
b.	2.	d.	4.	

____	111.	Refer to the illustration above. The development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics are mainly regulated by secretions of gland
a.	1.	c.	3.	
b.	2.	d.	4.	

____	112.	The body’s normal metabolic rate is regulated by
a.	thyroxine.	c.	estrogen.	
b.	epinephrine.	d.	prolactin.	

____	113.	The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
a.	secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.	
b.	produces and secretes certain steroid hormones.	
c.	stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.	
d.	is responsible for producing and secreting seven peptide hormones.	

____	114.	All of the following are produced by the pituitary gland except
a.	prolactin.	c.	oxytocin.	
b.	growth hormone.	d.	parathyroid hormone.	

____	115.	Scientists once thought that the pituitary gland was the regulatory center of the endocrine system. They now think that a structure in the brain, the hypothalamus, acts as this regulatory center. Which of the following does not provide information supporting this new conclusion?
a.	The hypothalamus can send nerve signals to other parts of the brain.	
b.	The hypothalamus produces and secretes hormones.	
c.	Hormones produced by the hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones by the pituitary gland.	
d.	Blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland have been found.	

____	116.	Which of the following hormones raises the blood sugar level?
a.	glucagon	c.	oxytocin	
b.	insulin	d.	ADH	

____	117.	The islets of Langerhan in the pancreas are responsible for
a.	producing epinephrine and norepinephrine.	
b.	making hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.	
c.	regulating calcium levels in the blood and in the bones.	
d.	controlling the amount of iodine that reaches the thyroid gland.	

____	118.	When the level of calcium in the blood drops,
a.	one should immediately drink at least two eight-ounce glasses of milk.	
b.	the parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone into the blood.	
c.	the thyroid gland releases calcium into the blood.	
d.	All of the above	

____	119.	A goiter results from a lack of
a.	iodine.	c.	ADH.	
b.	insulin.	d.	sodium ions.	

Completion
Complete each statement.

	120.	____________________ tissue joins, supports, and protects other types of tissue.

	121.	Refer to the illustration above. Bones 2 and 3 are part of the ____________________ skeleton.

	122.	Refer to the illustration above. Bones 1 and 4 are part of the ____________________ skeleton.

	123.	The bones of the skull and backbone are part of the ____________________ skeleton.

	124.	The ____________________ is a membrane that surrounds individual bones.

	125.	The ____________________ inside long bones is important in blood cell production and fat storage.

	126.	The heart and lungs are protected by the ____________________.

	127.	The place where two bones meet is called a(n) ____________________.

	128.	_________________________ is a painful degeneration of movable joints caused by attacks on the joints by cells of the immune system.

	129.	____________________ tissue can be smooth, skeletal, or cardiac.

	130.	____________________ muscle is found in the walls of many internal organs.

	131.	The proteins actin and ____________________ in muscles enable the cells to contract.

	132.	Repeating units of actin and myosin filaments are called ____________________.

	133.	The brown pigment ____________________ determines skin color.

	134.	The outermost layer of the skin is called the ____________________.

	135.	Hairs grow from specialized epidermal structures called hair ____________________.

	136.	Acne is caused by overactive ____________________ and hormones.

	137.	Electrical impulses in the heart are relayed to the ventricles by the _________________________.

	138.	Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the ____________________.

	139.	____________________ are the blood vessels that connect the arteries to the veins.

	140.	Systolic pressure is caused by contraction of the heart’s ____________________.

	141.	The flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs is called ____________________ circulation.

	142.	Excess fluid in the body’s tissues is returned to the blood by a system of vessels called the ____________________ system.

	143.	Red blood cells are called ____________________.

	144.	Antigens determining blood type are carried on the surface of ____________________.

	145.	When you swallow, the ____________________ prevents food from entering the trachea.

	146.	Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to both oxygen and ____________________.

	147.	Breathing is regulated mainly by response to the level of ____________________ detected in the blood.

	148.	____________________ respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood, while ____________________ respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body.

	149.	Moist epithelial layers that line internal body surfaces and are barriers to many pathogens are called ____________________.

	150.	The ____________________ acts as a barrier to keep foreign organisms and viruses out of the body.

	151.	At the site where a splinter punctures the skin, redness, swelling, and an increase in temperature would be signs of a(n) ____________________ response.

	152.	Moderate ____________________ occurring in the early phases of an infection inhibits the growth of pathogens and stimulates macrophage action.

	153.	____________________ are defensive proteins found in the body of an organism that label infectious microbes for destruction before they can cause disease.

	154.	An “alarm signal” is emitted by macrophages in the form of a protein called ____________________, which activates helper T cells.

	155.	Interleukin-2 is produced by ____________________ cells.

	156.	B cells produce proteins called ____________________ that can mark pathogens for destruction.

	157.	After a primary exposure to a pathogen, the bloodstream contains ____________________ cells that can be specifically recalled to defend against that particular pathogen.

	158.	____________________ is the process by which a dead or disabled pathogen (or proteins from that pathogen) is introduced into the body so that an immune response results without an actual infection.

	159.	____________________ is a chemical released from cells during an allergic reaction.

	160.	A disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the body’s own cells is called a(n) ____________________ disease.

	161.	The body most easily uses the energy provided by ____________________.

	162.	The major building blocks of body tissue are supplied by foods containing ____________________.

	163.	The amino acids that humans must obtain from food are called ____________________ amino acids.

	164.	The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are the main organs of the ____________________ system.

	165.	The large intestine is also called the ____________________.

	166.	Digestion is completed in the ____________________, where most nutrients are absorbed.

	167.	The ____________________ sends enzymes through a duct into the first part of the small intestine.

	168.	When digestive enzymes eat through part of the stomach lining, they cause a(n) ____________________.

	169.	Hydrochloric acid is secreted by cells in the ____________________ found on the stomach’s inner wall.

	170.	Pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach begin the digestion of ____________________.

	171.	Each kidney contains over 1 million functional units called ____________________.

	172.	Nerves that control breathing, swallowing, heartbeat, and the diameter of blood vessels are found in the ____________________.

	173.	The thalamus, the hypothalamus, and cells deep within the gray matter of the brain make up the ____________________ system, which helps regulate emotions.

	174.	Ventral-root axons carry information to ____________________ and glands, while dorsal-root axons carry information to the ____________________ system.

	175.	The part of the nervous system that does not include the spinal cord and brain is called the ____________________ nervous system.

	176.	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal organs is called the ____________________ nervous system.

	177.	A sudden, involuntary movement in response to a stimulus is called a(n) ____________________.

	178.	Some axons are surrounded by an insulating structure called a(n) ____________________.

	179.	A neuron transmits a nerve impulse as a wave of ____________________ charge.

	180.	Messages are carried across synapses by _________________________.

	181.	The junction of a neuron with another neuron or with a muscle cell is called a(n) ____________________.

	182.	Sensory receptors that respond to tissue damage are called ____________________ receptors.

	183.	Peripheral nerve cells that receive information from both internal and external stimuli are called ____________________.

	184.	When light enters the eye, it activates photoreceptors called ____________________, which respond to dim light, and ____________________, which respond to bright light and colors.

	185.	The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ____________________.

	186.	When light enters the eye, it passes first through the ____________________.

	187.	The ____________________ is a small, snail-shaped structure lined with hair cells.

	188.	High concentrations of pain receptors are located in the mouth and ____________________.

	189.	____________________ are complex mixtures of chemicals and smoke particles produced by burning tobacco.

	190.	Drugs that decrease the activity of the central nervous system are known as ____________________.

	191.	______________________________ (BAC) is a measurement of the amount of alcohol in the blood.

	192.	Abuse of psychoactive drugs often leads to a state of uncontrollable physical or psychological dependence called ____________________.

	193.	Drugs that affect the functioning of the central nervous system are called ____________________ drugs.

	194.	A hormone affects only its ____________________ cells.

	195.	Amino acid–based hormones remain outside their target cells, while ____________________ hormones carry out their function from within their target cells.

	196.	Cyclic AMP is a molecule that amplifies the effect of a hormone by acting as a(n) ____________________ in cells that are activated by amino acid–based hormones.

	197.	A steroid hormone combines with a receptor protein to form a(n) ____________________ complex, which enters the nucleus of a cell and binds to DNA.

	198.	High levels of calcium in the blood stimulate the production of ____________________, a hormone that causes more calcium to be deposited in bone tissue, thus lowering the blood calcium level.

	199.	A hormone that enables the cells of certain tissues to take in glucose molecules is ____________________.

	200.	The ____________________, a structure of the brain, controls much of the endocrine activity of the body by regulating the secretions of the pituitary gland.

	201.	The part of the brain that may be considered the “master switchboard” of the endocrine system is the ____________________.

	202.	The gland that produces oxytocin is the ____________________.

	203.	The glands responsible for increasing blood levels of calcium ions are the ____________________ glands.

	204.	Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the adrenal ____________________.

	205.	A swollen thyroid gland is called a(n) ____________________.

	206.	The parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that regulates the level of ____________________ in the bloodstream.

	207.	Secretion of epinephrine during stressful times causes an increase of ____________________ in the bloodstream.

	208.	An increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of the hormone ____________________, and a decrease in blood glucose stimulates the release of the hormone ____________________.

	209.	Glandular production of a hormone that circulates in the blood and inhibits the release of more of the same hormone from the producing gland is known as ____________________ feedback.

Problem

	210.	Connective tissue plays many different roles in the human body. It is crucial for providing structural support for the body. It provides protection for internal organs. It facilitates the movements of body parts. It functions in the transport of substances throughout the body. It serves a storage function for certain kinds of molecules. It also plays a vital role in enabling the body to defend itself against invading organisms or other foreign substances.
In the space below, write a short essay that first identifies the connective cell types discussed in your text. Next, distinguish these cell types from each other by their physical characteristics and by the type of matrix in which the cells are embedded. Finally, relate the physical characteristics and the type of intercellular matrix to the specific function(s) that each of these cell types performs.

	211.	

The diagram above shows two human blood vessels, 1 and 2, connected by a capillary bed, 3. Blood pressure is higher in vessel 2 than in vessel 1. The arrows indicate the direction of diffusion of O2 and CO2. Write your answers to the following in the spaces below.
a.	What type of blood vessel is vessel 1?
b.	What type of blood vessel is vessel 2?
c.	Does this diagram show part of the systemic circuit or part of the pulmonary circuit of the human circulatory system?
d.	In which location, X or Y, will the concentration of O2 in the blood be higher?
e.	Name one other substance typically found in blood that would move out of a capillary bed into body tissues along with the O2 shown in the diagram.
f.	Name one other substance typically found in blood that would move into a capillary bed from body tissues along with the CO2 shown in the diagram.

	212.	Every living cell in the human body must have an energy supply. Cells take up glucose or a related chemical and break it down inside the mitochondria to get ATP. ATP is the form of energy that cells use for their various activities. The breakdown of glucose occurs in the process of aerobic respiration. A summary of this process is shown in the following equation (note that this is not a balanced equation):

C6H12O6 + O2 « CO2 + H2O + ATP

O2, which is a gas, is consumed in this process, and CO2, also a gas, is produced. Trace the pathway of a molecule of O2 from the location where it enters the human body, across any cell membranes it must pass, until it reaches a muscle cell in the right leg. Then, trace the pathway of a molecule of CO2 from inside that muscle cell, where it is produced in aerobic respiration, until it leaves the body. Write your answer in the space below or on a separate sheet of paper.

	213.	
The graph above shows the progress of digestion as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins pass through the human digestive tract. The horizontal axis indicates the relative distance along the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. The vertical axis indicates the percentage of undigested food remaining as the food moves through the digestive tract. The percentages of undigested carbohydrate, fat, and protein are shown separately, but they are identified only as 1, 2, and 3. Identify which of the graph lines shows carbohydrate digestion, which shows fat digestion, and which shows protein digestion. Write your answer in the space below.

	214.	The table below shows the composition of three different body fluids taken from a person. These fluids are identified as fluids A, B, and C. A number of substances are listed in the far left column of the table. The presence of one of these substances in a fluid is indicated by a “+” in the appropriate column. The absence of one of these substances from a fluid is indicated by a “–.”

Substance	Fluid A	Fluid B	Fluid C	
Water	+	+	+	
Blood cells	–	–	+	
Proteins	–	–	+	
Hormones	–	–	+	
Amino acids	+	–	+	
Urea	+	+	+	
Glucose	+	–	+	
Sodium	+	+	+	
Other ions	+	+	+	

Write your answers to the following in the spaces below.
a.	Which fluid, A, B, or C, is blood? Justify your choice.
b.	Which fluid, A, B, or C, is filtrate from nephrons of the kidney? Justify your choice.
c.	Which fluid, A, B, or C, is urine? Justify your choice.
d.	Which fluid, A, B, or C, would you expect to be the most concentrated (have the least amount of water in a given volume)?

Essay

	215.	Give an example of each of the following types of tissue, and briefly describe its functions: epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue. Write your answer in the space below.

	216.	List five types of freely movable joints in your body, and give a location for each. Write your answer in the space below.

	217.	Using examples, describe the three basic types of joints and their primary functions. Write your answer in the space below.

	218.	What is a ligament? Write your answer in the space below.

	219.	List the three types of muscle tissue, and give the function of each. Write your answer in the space below.

	220.	Describe the function of sliding filaments in the contraction of muscles. Write your answer in the space below.

	221.	What causes acne? Write your answer in the space below.

	222.	What is muscle fatigue? What causes it? Write your answer in the space below.

	223.	Do arteries carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood? Explain. Write your answer in the space below.

	224.	Describe the antibody-antigen interactions that take place when an Rh– person who has blood type B receives blood from an Rh+ person who has blood type AB. Write your answer in the space below.

	225.	Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood. Write your answer in the space below.

	226.	Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves poorly in plasma. Although it can bind to hemoglobin, the ability of red blood cells to transport it on hemoglobin is limited. Thus, 70 percent of the CO2 that leaves the body is carried out in a third way. Explain what happens. Write your answer in the space below.

	227.	How is air moved in and out of the lungs? Write your answer in the space below.

	228.	Describe three components of the first line of defense that the body uses to prevent infections. Write your answer in the space below.

	229.	Briefly describe how a cell that has been infected by a virus can be recognized and destroyed. Write your answer in the space below.

	230.	What is the function of memory cells in immune response? Write your answer in the space below.

	231.	HIV is a fatal infection, but victims are not always killed by the virus itself. They generally die from other diseases that a healthy individual could resist successfully. Explain why this is true. Write your answer in the space below.

	232.	A vegan consumes no meat or other foods derived from animals, such as eggs or milk. What dietary problems might a vegan encounter? Write your answer in the space below.

	233.	Describe the chemical phase of digestion that occurs in the mouth. Write your answer in the space below.

	234.	The structure of proteins makes it difficult for the body to digest them. How does the body solve the problem of digesting proteins? Write your answer in the space below.

	235.	Identify the major wastes excreted by humans, and briefly describe how each is eliminated from the body. Write your answer in the space below.

	236.	Explain how the kidneys play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Write your answer in the space below.

	237.	Explain why you cannot hold your breath indefinitely. Write your answer in the space below.

	238.	How is a signal transferred from one neuron to another neuron? Write your answer in the space below.

	239.	Briefly describe how sensory receptors help you maintain posture and keep your balance. Write your answer in the space below.

	240.	What are the effects of nicotine on the body? Write your answer in the space below.

	241.	Explain why addiction to mood-altering drugs is said to have a physiological basis. Write your answer in the space below.

	242.	Describe the action of cocaine at the synapse and the effects of long-term cocaine use on receptors. Write your answer in the space below.

	243.	Why does a hormone not affect cells other than its target cells? Write your answer in the space below.

	244.	Compare the action mechanisms of amino acid–based hormones and steroid hormones. Write your answer in the space below.

	245.	Explain why the cells of a person with untreated diabetes mellitus starve due to lack of glucose even though blood glucose levels are higher than normal. Write your answer in the space below.

Human Body Exam
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.1

	2.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.2

	3.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.3

	4.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.4

	5.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	6.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	7.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	8.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	9.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.1

	10.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.3

	11.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.4

	12.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.1

	13.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.2

	14.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.2

	15.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.4

	16.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.4

	17.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	45-3.4

	18.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.1

	19.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.2

	20.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.3

	21.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.5

	22.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.4

	23.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.1

	24.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.1

	25.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.2

	26.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.2

	27.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.2

	28.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	29.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	30.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	31.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	32.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-2.3

	33.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-2.4

	34.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.2

	35.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.3

	36.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.3

	37.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.4

	38.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.1

	39.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	40.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	41.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	42.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.3

	43.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.4

	44.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	47-1.4

	45.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	46.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	47.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	48.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	49.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	50.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	51.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	52.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	47-2.3

	53.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.4

	54.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	47-2.3

	55.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-3.2

	56.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-3.2

	57.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-3.4

	58.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	59.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	60.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	61.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	62.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	63.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	64.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	65.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	66.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.5

	67.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.2

	68.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.4

	69.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.3

	70.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	48-2.4

	71.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.5

	72.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.5

	73.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.5

	74.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.5

	75.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.1

	76.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.3

	77.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.3

	78.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.4

	79.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.5

	80.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	48-3.5

	81.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.1

	82.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.2

	83.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	49-2.1

	84.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.1

	85.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.2

	86.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.3

	87.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.3

	88.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.3

	89.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.4

	90.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.2

	91.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.4

	92.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.4

	93.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.3

	94.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.1

	95.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.2

	96.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.2

	97.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	49-4.2

	98.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.2

	99.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.1

	100.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	101.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	102.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.3

	103.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.3

	104.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	105.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	106.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.3

	107.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.5

	108.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	109.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	110.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	111.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	112.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	113.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.1

	114.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.1

	115.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	50-2.1

	116.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.5

	117.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	118.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.5

	119.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

COMPLETION

	120.	ANS:	Connective

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.1

	121.	ANS:	appendicular

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.1

	122.	ANS:	axial

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.1

	123.	ANS:	axial

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.1

	124.	ANS:	periosteum

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	125.	ANS:	marrow

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.2

	126.	ANS:	rib cage

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.1

	127.	ANS:	joint

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.4

	128.	ANS:	Rheumatoid arthritis

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.5

	129.	ANS:	Muscle

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.1

	130.	ANS:	Smooth

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.1

	131.	ANS:	myosin

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.2

	132.	ANS:	sarcomeres

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.2

	133.	ANS:	melanin

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.1

	134.	ANS:	epidermis

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.2

	135.	ANS:	follicles

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.5

	136.	ANS:	oil glands

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.3

	137.	ANS:	atrioventricular node

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.2

	138.	ANS:	tricuspid valve

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.1

	139.	ANS:	Capillaries

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	140.	ANS:	ventricles

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.3

	141.	ANS:	systemic

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.4

	142.	ANS:	lymphatic

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-1.5

	143.	ANS:	erythrocytes

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-2.2

	144.	ANS:	
erythrocytes
red blood cells

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-2.4

	145.	ANS:	epiglottis

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.2

	146.	ANS:	carbon dioxide

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.3

	147.	ANS:	carbon dioxide

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.5

	148.	ANS:	External, internal

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.1

	149.	ANS:	mucous membranes

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	150.	ANS:	skin

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	151.	ANS:	inflammatory

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.3

	152.	ANS:	fever

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.5

	153.	ANS:	Antibodies

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	154.	ANS:	interleukin-1

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	155.	ANS:	helper T

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	156.	ANS:	antibodies

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	157.	ANS:	memory

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	158.	ANS:	Vaccination

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.4

	159.	ANS:	Histamine

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.5

	160.	ANS:	autoimmune

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.5

	161.	ANS:	carbohydrates

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	162.	ANS:	protein

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	163.	ANS:	essential

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-1.1

	164.	ANS:	digestive

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	165.	ANS:	colon

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	166.	ANS:	small intestine

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.1

	167.	ANS:	pancreas

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.4

	168.	ANS:	ulcer

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.2

	169.	ANS:	gastric pits

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.2

	170.	ANS:	proteins

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.4

	171.	ANS:	nephrons

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.2

	172.	ANS:	brain stem

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.2

	173.	ANS:	limbic

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.2

	174.	ANS:	muscles, central nervous

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.3

	175.	ANS:	peripheral

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.3

	176.	ANS:	autonomic

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.4

	177.	ANS:	reflex

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.4

	178.	ANS:	myelin sheath

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.1

	179.	ANS:	positive

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.3

	180.	ANS:	neurotransmitters

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.4

	181.	ANS:	synapse

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.4

	182.	ANS:	pain

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.1

	183.	ANS:	receptors

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.1

	184.	ANS:	rods, cones

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.3

	185.	ANS:	iris

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.3

	186.	ANS:	cornea

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.3

	187.	ANS:	cochlea

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.2

	188.	ANS:	hands

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.5

	189.	ANS:	Tars

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.4

	190.	ANS:	depressants

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.3

	191.	ANS:	Blood alcohol concentration

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.4

	192.	ANS:	addiction

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.1

	193.	ANS:	psychoactive

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.3

	194.	ANS:	target

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.1

	195.	ANS:	steroid

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	196.	ANS:	second messenger

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	197.	ANS:	hormone-receptor

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	198.	ANS:	calcitonin

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	199.	ANS:	insulin

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	200.	ANS:	hypothalamus

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.1

	201.	ANS:	hypothalamus

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.1

	202.	ANS:	hypothalamus

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.1

	203.	ANS:	parathyroid

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	204.	ANS:	medulla

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	205.	ANS:	goiter

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	206.	ANS:	calcium

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	207.	ANS:	glucose

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	208.	ANS:	insulin, glucagon

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.2

	209.	ANS:	negative

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.4

PROBLEM

	210.	ANS:	
The students’ essays should include the following information: Bone is a kind of connective tissue that contains cells embedded in a hard, crystalline matrix containing calcium. This type of matrix makes bone rigid and thus well suited for providing structural support and protection of internal organs. For example, the skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, and the pelvic and abdominal cavities protect organs of the reproductive, digestive, and excretory systems. Cartilage is a kind of connective tissue that contains cells embedded in a semisolid, fibrous matrix. This structure makes cartilage strong yet flexible. Cartilage provides some structural support, particularly in young humans and at stress points between adjacent bones. Ligaments and tendons are both tough, fibrous connective tissue, also with a semisolid, fibrous matrix. Ligaments connect bones to each other at joints and tendons attach muscles to bones. Both help the body make skeletal movements. Fat tissue, which also has a semisolid matrix, is a kind of connective tissue that contains cells that store fat as an energy reserve. Blood is a kind of connective tissue that contains cells embedded in a liquid matrix. Blood is the medium in which nutrients and wastes are transported to and from the cells of the body. Some of the blood cells function as part of the immune system to defend our bodies against invading organisms and foreign substances.

PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	45-1.1

	211.	ANS:	
a.	vein
b.	artery
c.	systemic circuit
d.	Y
e.	possible answers: food molecule, water, vitamin, ion, hormone, or white blood cell
f.	possible answers: wastes or ammonia

PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	46-1.3

	212.	ANS:	
The O2 molecule would enter the body through one of the nostrils, pass through the pharynx, the trachea, and one of the two bronchi, and then enter a bronchiole in the lung. It would then move into an alveolus and then move across a cell membrane of the alveolus and enter the blood. Once in the blood, the O2 would move across the cell membrane into a red blood cell. It would then be transported through the pulmonary vein, which takes blood from the lungs to the heart. The O2 in the blood would enter the heart in the left atrium, move to the left ventricle, and then be forced out of the heart into the aorta. The O2 in the blood would then be transported into smaller arteries, still smaller arterioles, and finally a capillary bed in the muscle in the right leg. The O2 would then move out of the red blood cell across its cell membrane, and would enter a muscle cell across that cell’s membrane. A CO2 molecule produced by aerobic respiration in this muscle cell would leave the cell by moving across the cell membrane and would enter the blood. In the blood, it might move across the cell membrane of a red blood cell and remain in its cytoplasm. (Alternately, the CO2 might dissolve in the plasma or combine with water to form bicarbonate ions.) The CO2 in blood would then be transported into venules, and then into veins, until it returned to the vena cava. From the vena cava, it would reenter the heart. The CO2 in blood would enter the right atrium of the heart, move to the right ventricle, and then be forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery. From there, it would be transported to one of the lungs. In a lung, the CO2 would move out of the red blood cell by moving across its cell membrane. It would then move across a cell membrane of an alveolus. From the alveolus, the CO2 would pass through a bronchiole, a bronchus, the trachea, and the pharynx, and would then leave the body through one of the nostrils.

PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	46-3.3

	213.	ANS:	
1 is fat, 2 is protein, and 3 is carbohydrate.

PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	48-2.4

	214.	ANS:	
a.	C must be blood because it is the only one of the fluids that has blood cells in it.
b.	A must be filtrate in the nephrons because it contains glucose and amino acids, which are reabsorbed from the filtrate before urine leaves the body. A could not be blood because it does not contain blood cells.
c.	B must be urine because it contains only water, urea, sodium, and other ions. Both blood and nephron filtrate would contain additional substances.
d.	B

PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	48-3.4

ESSAY

	215.	ANS:	
Epithelial tissues, such as skin, are generally flat sheets of cells that protect from damage and control water loss in the tissues that they cover. Muscle tissue moves the body (skeletal muscle) and moves materials through the body (heart, smooth muscle of digestive tract). Connective tissue defends the body from invaders (white blood cells), stores materials (fat), and supports the body (bone and cartilage). Nervous tissues (brain, spinal cord, nerves) carry information in the form of electrical impulses.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-1.1

	216.	ANS:	
The shoulder and hip are ball-and-socket joints. The top two vertebrae of the spine form a pivot joint, allowing the head to turn from side to side. Gliding joints are found in the feet. The base of the thumb is a saddle joint. The knee is an example of a hinge joint.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.4

	217.	ANS:	
Fixed joints are very tight joints that hold adjacent bones together, permitting no movement. The cranial bones of the skull are held together by fixed joints. Limited mobility is permitted by semi-movable joints, the second basic type of joint. In these joints, a bridge of cartilage joins two bones together, as in the joints between the vertebrae of the spine. The third type of joint is the freely movable joint. These joints allow the greatest degree of movement; they are found between bones that are held together by ligaments.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.4

	218.	ANS:	
A ligament is a tough connective tissue that joins one bone to another.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-2.4

	219.	ANS:	
The three types of muscle are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle moves bones, and cardiac muscle pumps blood through the body. Smooth muscle moves food through the digestive tract and is also found in the uterus, the bladder, and the blood vessels.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.1

	220.	ANS:	
Myosin and actin filaments lie in parallel lines along the length of a myofibril in units called sarcomeres. The myosin heads touch the adjacent actin filaments. When a muscle contracts, the myosin heads attach to the actin filaments, and when the heads bend inward, they pull the actin filaments along with them toward each other. Muscle contraction requires energy supplied by ATP. As the actin filaments move toward each other along the myosin filament, they pull their Z lines with them, thus shortening the sarcomere. As sarcomeres are shortened along the entire muscle fiber, the muscle contracts.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	45-3.3

	221.	ANS:	
Acne is caused by hormones and an increase in oil production by glands during adolescence. Excessive oil production can clog the oil glands, causing a buildup of oil.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-4.3

	222.	ANS:	
Muscle fatigue is the physiological inability of a muscle to contract and is a result of the depletion of ATP. When ATP is depleted, a state of continuous contraction occurs.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	45-3.5

	223.	ANS:	
An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, but some arteries—the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the lungs—carry deoxygenated blood that has been returned to the heart from the rest of the body.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	46-1.2

	224.	ANS:	
An Rh– person who has blood type B has only blood antigen B. A person having this antigen would produce antibodies to antigens A and Rh. An Rh+ person who has blood type AB has blood antigens Rh, A, and B. When these antigens enter the recipient’s blood, antibodies to the A and Rh will produce agglutination. The B antigen of the donor’s blood will not cause agglutination because the recipient does not produce antibodies to this antigen.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	46-2.4

	225.	ANS:	
Red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing protein that gives blood its red color. Oxygen easily binds to the hemoglobin, making red blood cells efficient oxygen carriers that circulate throughout the body as they flow with the plasma.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.3

	226.	ANS:	
The remaining 70 percent combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) inside red blood cells. Because carbonic acid is unstable, hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) ions quickly form, and the CO2 is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions. When the blood reaches the lungs, chemical reactions that reverse the process occur, releasing carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli in the lungs. It is then exhaled with water vapor.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	46-3.3

	227.	ANS:	
When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, the diaphragm moves downward and the rib cage moves up and outward. This expands the chest cavity, lowering the air pressure in the lungs and causing air to flow in. When the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax, the diaphragm moves upward and the rib cage moves down and inward. This reduces the size of the chest cavity, increasing the pressure of the air in the lungs and causing air to flow out.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	46-3.4

	228.	ANS:	
The skin prevents a pathogen from entering the body. In addition, oils and sweat produced by glands in the skin create an environment unfavorable to pathogens. Sweat also contains enzymes that destroy some bacteria. Mucous membranes line internal body surfaces that are exposed to the environment. They secrete mucus, which is a sticky substance for trapping pathogens. In the respiratory tract, cilia lining the respiratory tract sweep trapped pathogens up to the pharynx, where they are swallowed and travel to the stomach, where stomach acids destroy the pathogens.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-1.2

	229.	ANS:	
Macrophages contact infected cells and release interleukin-1. This protein activates helper T cells that secrete another protein, interleukin-2. This substance, in turn, stimulates cytotoxic T cells, which bind to the infected cell using surface receptor molecules that recognize traces of viral protein on the surface of the infected cell. This interaction causes damage to the cell membrane of the infected cell, resulting in its destruction.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	230.	ANS:	
After a primary immune response, some B and T cells capable of recognizing a particular antigen remain in circulation. If the individual is again exposed to the same antigen, these cells will begin to divide rapidly, forming a new generation of antibody-producing cells.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-2.3

	231.	ANS:	
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disables the immune system of the infected person, making the individual susceptible to other pathogens. HIV destroys the immune system by attacking helper T cells, without which the immune system is unable to stimulate B cells or killer T cells.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	47-3.1

	232.	ANS:	
Individual plant foods may not contain sufficient amounts of all the essential amino acids. Vegans must carefully plan their diet so that plant foods lacking or low in some amino acids are eaten with other plant foods that are high in those amino acids. A vegan who simply abstains from all animal-derived foods may show symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	48-1.3

	233.	ANS:	
In the mouth, salivary glands release saliva, which is a mixture of water, mucus, and the enzyme salivary amylase. The salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down some starch into maltose.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.4

	234.	ANS:	
In the stomach, pepsin, a digestive enzyme, splits complex protein molecules into shorter chains of amino acids called peptides. Then, glands in the small intestine release enzymes that complete the digestion by breaking down peptides into amino acids.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-2.2

	235.	ANS:	
The major waste products excreted by humans are carbon dioxide, nitrogen wastes (urea), salts, and water. Carbon dioxide and some water are excreted by the lungs during exhalation. The kidneys remove water and urea (and some salts) from the blood to form urine, which is voided from the body through the urethra. The skin excretes water, salts, and small amounts of nitrogen wastes in sweat.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.1

	236.	ANS:	
The kidneys regulate the amounts of substances like salts, minerals, and other chemicals that are retained in the blood or excreted in the urine. In addition, the kidneys regulate the concentration of substances in the blood by adjusting the total amount of water in the body to keep the concentration nearly constant. Kidneys also remove urea and other waste products from the body.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	48-3.4

	237.	ANS:	
The autonomic nervous system, which carries messages to muscles and glands that usually work without our noticing, enables the nervous system to govern homeostasis within the body. We have voluntary control over some functions, such as breathing, that are generally regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Any voluntary control of the autonomic nervous system that endangers life disturbs the homeostasis of the brain tissue, causing unconsciousness. Once the body is unconscious and no longer has voluntary control, the autonomic nervous system takes over and restores normal functioning—in this case, breathing.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-2.4

	238.	ANS:	
When a nerve impulse gets to the end of an axon, its message must cross the synapse. Messages are carried across synapses by chemical transmitters called neurotransmitters, which are contained in the axons in vesicles. When a nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal, the vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapses. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapses and bind to receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-1.4

	239.	ANS:	
Receptors in the inner ear signal the direction of gravity and the speed and direction of movements to the brain, enabling us to maintain a vertical posture. Pressure receptors in our joints, tendons, and muscles detect movement and degree of stretch. These receptors help control how we move and how we maintain our balance.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-3.1

	240.	ANS:	
Nicotine causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and a decrease in blood circulation to the hands and feet.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.4

	241.	ANS:	
Some drugs cause excessive amounts of neurotransmitter to be present in synapses for long periods of time. This results in a decreased number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and a less sensitive nerve pathway. The only way a person who is addicted can maintain normal functioning of the nerve pathway is to continue taking the drug.

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	49-4.1

	242.	ANS:	
Cocaine prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse. The trapped neurotransmitters repeatedly stimulate neurons. Neurons adjust to the presence of cocaine by decreasing their number of neurotransmitter receptors. This causes neurons to become less and less sensitive, requiring more and more cocaine for stimulation.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	49-4.2

	243.	ANS:	
Only target cells have protein receptors that bind to the hormone.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.1

	244.	ANS:	
Amino acid–based hormones attach to receptor proteins on the surface of a target cell, causing the production of cyclic AMP within the cell. Cyclic AMP in turn activates enzymes within the cell; thus, the cell is “turned on.” Steroid hormones enter the cell, where they combine with receptor proteins in the cytoplasm. The combined hormone-receptor complex enters the cell’s nucleus, where the hormone activates specific genes on the DNA molecules.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-1.4

	245.	ANS:	
In a person with diabetes mellitus, the pancreas stops making insulin (Type I) or does not make enough insulin (Type II), or the target cell receptors become less responsive to insulin (Type II). Insulin is a hormone that stimulates the cells to take glucose from the bloodstream. In the absence of insulin, even though there may be plenty of glucose in the blood, cells are unable to absorb it. Therefore, the cells cannot conduct cellular respiration, and they starve.

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	50-2.3